The Doctrine of Precedent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Doctrine of Precedent - Essay Example The reason for this paper is to talk about the Doctrine of Precedent which is considered as both a gift and a revile. Lawful frameworks inside the United Kingdom were built up generally on judge-made law, the laws created through choices by decided on cases brought before them. This is regularly called customary law or case-law. Each ward built up its own types of precedent-based law, with exceptional note that Scotland being particularly unmistakable from the rest. Correspondingly, in understanding to the call and trial of times, new laws just as law change have progressively been realized through Acts of Parliament. These laws are normally motivated by the approaches and supports of the Government. In that capacity, the advancement and upgrade of case-law by and by stays a significant wellspring of law. The announcement of law made by an adjudicator for a situation under the watchful eye of their court, in this way end up being official on later appointed authorities and can along these lines form into the law for everybody to follow. It has been said that the profundity and power of English law is that it is created upon the particular case of case law as opposed to theoretical models. In accordance with this, the legal counselors will gadget an adequate and powerful case the board framework to have the option to contend their customer's case normally and coherently. Coming up next are genuine guides to consider in the viable case the executives indeed: What lawful standards are included Or what is the reason for activity Following this, it is prudent to consider with regards to what is the important law in regards to the standards in the moment case. There after, adequate bits of proof must be considered to demonstrate or guard the case. Lastly, which court has power to hear and choose the case. Now, express that the Doctrine of Precedents for the most part allude to the cases analyzed and considered by the Court of Appeal or the House of Lords. An announcement of law made by an appointed authority for a situation can get official on later adjudicators and can along these lines become the law for everybody to follow. The proclamation must be made by a court of adequate status. When all is said in done, decided at the most reduced echelon of dynamic, the courts of first occasion, are not permitted to give restricting points of reference. These adjudicators may not be hearing full legitimate contentions yet are focusing on genuine discoveries. As needs be, it is the higher courts which issue restricting decisions and the lower courts must tail them. Likewise, the profession more likely than not framed the proportion decidendi of the case. The thinking must be an issue relating to the law as opposed to the authentic choice. Furthermore, the declaration must not be obiter procla mation. An obiter decree alludes to something said either about the law or the realities of the case which are not carefully fundamental for the legitimate reason for the choices. It is just the proportion decidendi which will be official. It will involve the lawful standards and rules which are important to take care of the issue under the steady gaze of the court. Obiter dicta are not authoritative, be that as it may, they might be managed as a powerful position, wherein the later appointed authorities are qualified for read them and be affected by them, yet they are not obliged to follow these pieces of legal proclamations. It is critical to worry that the Doctrine of Precedents are not worried with respect to who won or lost for the situation. The Doctrine discusses the legitimate princip

Marketing Journal Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advertising Journal - Personal Statement Example It empowers me to welcome the very much made advertising procedure of Starbucks rather than simply marking it as a claim to fame espresso retailer concentrated on acquiring cups of espresso the market. I presently observe that the achievement of Starbucks is because of its all around organized and far reaching showcasing procedure. It gives that Starbucks experience by having great feel, great espresso, and great baristas. I would need to state that I value its journey in utilizing green espresso permitting it to help little ranchers whose primary vocation is delivering naturally developed espresso which are devoured by Starbucks customers. I like the organization's exertion in guaranteeing that beans are green and moral as this increase the value of their items. As a segregating client, I would happily pay a premium for an item which is made by a socially capable business association feeling that I am having a decent item as well as is likewise given the chance and connect with othe rs through my buys. I accept that promoting has a decent effect in us. ... Promoting isn't terrible in itself. Showcasing just reacts to our developing needs taking note of that the achievement of a battle is reliant on our responsiveness. Consequently, I accept the mischief that it can perpetrate on people and society is reliant on our acknowledgment of it. The commonness of corporate social duty as a decent method of promoting a business association is useful for the general public. As we clients keep on leaning toward items which are made by socially dependable producers and specialist organizations, we additionally keep on asking organizations to offer back to the general public that they work in. The more prominent investment of organizations in occupation, instructive, and budgetary improvement of less advantaged social orders just shows how promoting helps the economy and society in general. Through showcasing, we get educated regarding what organizations do and how they add to maintainable turn of events. For me, the most significant issue that organizations should concentrate on in this time is the current monetary log jam. Perceiving that it is influencing all countries both created and creating, organizations should look to limit the pass up aiding in their own specific manners. This should be possible by straightforwardly interceding in countries where help is required. Another is through keeping their laborers and concentrating on other cost-cutting activities. I figure it will be irrational to concentrate on ecological worries right now when our concern is in monetary food. I will be a lot of satisfied to see business associations planning with government and different organizations in making the financial downturn increasingly tolerable for everybody in the globe. This is a dire issue and a business association which calls

Dallas Baptist University Application free essay sample

I had the benefit to go to Camp Eagle a similar week as the Dallas Baptist University Worship group. I had the option to meet the musicians Aaron Zavala, Jordan Patterson, and Jason Deutsch, the bass player. They appeared as though such a nearby gathering, a gathering I realized I needed to be a piece of. We are normally attracted to the individuals who share basic interests; I play bass for my congregation, and I had the chance to converse with Jason about playing low pitch guitar and my future. He asked me where I wanted to go to school and I was unable to respond to his inquiry, however I had not so much idea about it. He began educating me concerning a couple of his encounters at DBU and what an astonishing school it had been for him. We finished our discussion with him instructing me to keep playing bass in light of the fact that there aren’t enough bass players on the planet. We will compose a custom exposition test on Dallas Baptist University Application or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In 2012 I was blissful to have the option to return for one more week. On my approach to Rock Springs, I caught my childhood minister illuminate another support that the DBU band would have been back this year. I was interested to know whether Jason would recollect what my identity was, and I was trusting we could have another extraordinary discussion like the one we had the prior year. On Tuesday my congregation had the option to go zip-fixing and he was assisting with the stepping stool that is utilized to assist individuals with getting off of the zip-line securely. I inquired as to whether he recalled that me, sure enough he did and he proposed that when we had a night off, or some leisure time, to attempt to discover him and we would talk some more. I conversed with him Thursday night for about 60 minutes, about various basses, amps, music, and once more, my future. I realized he would inquire as to whether I had made sense of my arrangements for school, and I disclosed to him that I despite everything had no clue and that I was surrendering it over to God. He revealed to me that was a decent arrangement and proceeded to disclose to me increasingly about DBU and numerous magnificent things about the school. He clarified how he started in the love band, and that he was so near the other musicians. He depended on them and they depended on him, similar to a responsibility gathering. As I unobtrusively tuned in to him, in wonder of his encounters and stories, it truly made me need to be a piece of such a solid and positive air. I realized I needed to go to Dallas Baptist University.

What Are Some Benefits Of AP World History Exam Essay Samples?

What Are Some Benefits Of AP World History Exam Essay Samples?The purpose of these AP World History Exam Essay Samples is to help students study for their exam. After all, the AP World History Exam is not fun or exciting exam. It is very much designed and presented in a way that will make a person pass the exam on time. To help students pass the exam, students will need to have good studying habits.Students who want to take the AP Exam must study the history of one's culture. A good background knowledge of history will make them feel that they belong in the course. Their schools need to provide them with the right resources to help them study for the exam.The writing samples are excellent for students. Students must see that these materials are of a good quality. These materials are offered by various publishers. Students must read reviews before making a purchase.Teachers are experts in the subject and know where to provide these resources. Students must look at these resources firs t before they buy. Other students will notice that the textbook is good but the resource is very poor.The AP World History Exam Essay Samples is helpful for students who want to pass the AP World History Exam. The resources are designed so that students can study at their own pace. These materials should be provided at schools that do not want students to learn at their own pace. Students need to have more options available for studying.Some students may find that they have extra time on their hands and will want to study by themselves. This is understandable but students should also take into consideration what other students will see when they have taken the AP World History Exam. Teachers must make sure that the resources are free to students so that students do not end up wasting their money.The writing samples are excellent for students. Students should have all the resources they need to study for the AP World History Exam. This will help them be prepared for the exam.

Lenticular Galaxies Are Quiet, Dusty Stellar Cities

There are many types of galaxies out there in the universe. Astronomers tend to classify them first by their shapes: spiral, elliptical, lenticular, and irregular.  We live in a spiral galaxy, and we can see others from our vantage point on Earth. A survey of galaxies in clusters such as the Virgo cluster shows an amazing array of different shapes of galaxies. The big questions that astronomers who study these objects ask is: how do they form and what is in their evolution that influences their shapes? A dusty spiral galaxy as seen by NASAs Hubble Space Telescope. NASA, ESA, and D. Maoz (Tel-Aviv University and Columbia University) Lenticular galaxies are rather poorly-understood members of the galaxy zoo. They are similar in some ways to both spiral galaxies and elliptical galaxies  but are really thought to be a sort of transitional galactic form.   For instance, lenticular galaxies appear to be like a  fading spiral galaxy. However, some of their other characteristics, like their composition, are more in line with elliptical galaxies. So, its very possible that they are their own, unique galaxy type.   Galaxy NGC 5010 is a lenticular galaxy which has features of both spirals and ellipticals. NASA/ESA/STScI Structure of Lenticular Galaxies Lenticular galaxies generally have flat, disk-like shapes. However, unlike spiral galaxies, they lack the distinctive arms that usually wrap themselves around the central bulge. (Though, like both spiral and elliptical galaxies, they can have a bar structure passing through their cores.) For this reason, lenticular galaxies can be difficult to tell apart from elliptical ones if they are viewed face-on. Its only when at least a small part of the edge is apparent can astronomers tell that a lenticular is distinguishable from other spirals. Even though a  lenticular does have a central bulge similar to that of spiral galaxies, it can be much larger. Judging by the  stars and gas content of a lenticular galaxy, it is far more similar to an elliptical galaxy. Thats because both types have  mostly old, red stars with very few hot blue stars. This is an indication that star formation has slowed significantly, or is non-existent in both lenticulars and ellipticals. Lenticulars usually have more dust content than ellipticals, however. Lenticular Galaxies and the Hubble Sequence In the  20th century,  astronomer  Edwin Hubble  set about trying to understand how galaxies form and evolve.  He created what is known as the Hubble Sequence - or graphically,  the Hubble Tuning For diagram, which placed galaxies on a sort of tuning-fork shape based on their shapes. He imagined that galaxies began as ellipticals, perfectly circular or nearly so. Then, over time, he thought their rotation would cause them to flatten out. Eventually, this would lead to the creation of spiral galaxies (one arm of the tuning fork) or barred Spiral galaxies (the other arm of the tuning fork). Lenticular galaxies are likely a transiition between elliptical and spiral on the standard Hubble tuning fork diagram that classifies galaxies by their shapes.   NASA At the transition, where the three arms of the tuning fork would meet, there were the lenticular galaxies; not quite ellipticals not quite spirals or barred Spirals. Officially, they are classified as S0 galaxies on the Hubble Sequence.  It turned out that Hubbles original sequence didnt quite match the data we have about galaxies today, but the diagram is still very useful in  classifying galaxies by their shapes. Formation of Lenticular Galaxies Hubbles groundbreaking work on galaxies may have influenced at least one of the formation theories of lenticulars.  Essentially, he proposed that lenticular galaxies evolved out of elliptical galaxies as a transition to a spiral (or barred spiral) galaxy, but one current theory suggests that it could be the other way around. Since lenticular galaxies have disk-like shapes with central bulges but have no distinctive arms, it is possible that they are simply old, faded spiral galaxies. The presence of a lot of dust, but not a lot of gas suggests that they are old, which would seem to confirm this suspicion. But there is one significant problem: lenticular galaxies are, on average, much brighter than spiral galaxies. If they were truly faded spiral galaxies, you would expect them to be dimmer, not brighter. So, as an alternative, some astronomers now suggest that lenticular galaxies are the result of mergers between two old, spiral galaxies. This would explain the disk structure and the lack of free gas. Also, with the combined mass of two galaxies, the higher surface brightness would be explained. This theory still needs some work to solve some issues. For example, computer simulations based on observations of galaxies throughout their lives suggest that the rotational motions of the galaxies would be similar to those of normal spiral galaxies. However, that is generally not what is observed in lenticular galaxies. So, astronomers are working to understand why there is a difference in rotational motions between types of galaxies. That finding actually lends support to the fading spiral theory. So, the current understanding of lenticulars is still a work in progress. As astronomers observe more of these galaxies, the additional data will help solve the questions about where they lie in the hierarchy of galaxy forms. Key Takeaways about Lenticulars Lenticular galaxies are a distinct shape that seems to be somewhere between spiral and elliptical.Most lenticulars have central bulges and seem to have differences in their rotational actions from other galaxies.Lenticulars could be forming when spiral galaxies merge. That action would form the disks seen in lenticulars and also the central bulges. Sources â€Å"How to Make Lenticular Galaxies.†Ã‚  Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 27 Aug. 2017, www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-02855-1.Informationeso.org. â€Å"The Hubble Tuning Fork - Classification of Galaxies.†Ã‚  Www.spacetelescope.org, www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic9902o/.Lenticular Galaxies and Their Environments. The Astrophysical Journal, 2009, Vol 702, No. 2, http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/1502/meta Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

The Asian As Superior Myth Essay - 603 Words

The author, Ronald Takaki, wishes to illustrate that the perceptions of Asian Americans as a quot;model minorityquot; are not entirely accurate. Takaki writes that the facts and figures used to compare Asian-Americans to other, less successful minority groups are misleading. For example, the author writes that although Japanese Americans are seen as upwardly mobile, they have not yet achieved equality. The essay states that quot;while Japanese American men in California earned an average income comparable to Caucasian men in 1980, they did so only by acquiring more education and working more hours.quot; In addition, the author found that while some Asian American groups do have higher family incomes than Caucasians, at the same time†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The author does address counter arguments in his paper. He evidently has researched the nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lozano, p.2 topic quite extensively and has the facts and figures to back up his points. For example, the author states that although there are many successful Asian Americans in the business world, many have hit the quot;glass ceilingquot; and will not rise to the higher ranks of their business. This presents problems for the community and proves that calling Asian Americans the quot;model minorityquot; is not entirely accurate. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The essay is well-written and very convincing. The author writes it from experience and from his personal observations, both as the grandson of agricultural workers and as a scholar. The essay is useful in understanding that while the public regards Asian Americans as successful, Asians Americans are in most ways just like other minority groups: undereducated, poverty- stricken and unemployed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The author may have wanted to lengthen the essay by adding more facts and figures, as well as more interviews with Asian Americans whoShow MoreRelatedChinese Culture And Hyper Sensitivity For Chinese American After 1960s1442 Words   |  6 Pagesexamine importance of the interaction of Chinese culture and hyper-selectivity in constructing a new identity for Chinese American after 1960s. Second, argued that why Chinese American being the â€Å"model minority† is a myth. And lastly, discuss the intention behind the model minority myth and the negative effects of â€Å"over achieving† for Chinese Americans. 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We use media to perpetuate stereotypes and myths which later become immutable so called truths. We have a tendency to racialize people in order to better control people. In this sense, we have formed race in a way that is unstable. Cornell, Hartmann – Ethnicity and Race Ethnicity and Race are veryRead MoreWomen s Death And The King s Horseman And M. Butterfly1393 Words   |  6 Pageson women of the orient misrepresented his judgment resulting to him being fooled by the opera singer on his true sexual identity. The sexist perception of Gallimard towards Asian women made him fall in love with a man whom he thought of as a woman. The playwright has reasonably thought of portraying the stereotype used on Asian woman by using a man in place of the woman. It has at least added humor and revenge on the part of the women to see a stereotyping and insensitive man suffer the consequences

Reflections On The Role Of Leadership In Managing †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Reflections On The Role Of Leadership In Managing Organizational Change. Answer: My personal Managing Change Philosophy I have come to learn changemanagement with a positively biased perspective having not been a victim of a huge organizational change and solely experiencing people who were influenced by changing assuming control of their individual destinations by accepting willingly voluntary redundancy. I needed to study more regarding thechange management practices and theories with particular emphasis on leadership role in managing change as I little if not no experience in this field. Reflecting on the approaches and practices taught and learned in this module which buttress organizational change and the need for effective collaborative and shared leadership, my personalchange management philosophy hinges on the theory which acknowledges dominant pictures of managing change- Controlling (interpreter; director, and navigator); and Shaping (caretaker; coach; alongside nurturer). Different viewpoints aboutchange management stayed presented during the course of my change management learning experience that I decided whether to reject or accept. This remained a significant process in assisting me with my validation of my individual beliefs and has since impacted my personal change management philosophy. I recognize, through this paper, my personal experience working at Organization Y as a key influence on my viewpoint of change management. I have further derived motivation and inspiration from guest tutors that shared identical perceptions to my personal philosophy. The case study event has further been a core learning experience for me that affirmed the significance of leadership in change management process in producing the positive results for the organization via the encouragement and motivation of change management team and the organization staff as a whole to embrace change. From my personal experience as outlined in the case study section in this paper, successful inspiration and motivation of team stood significant in propelling effective change. Another fundamental influence source was module, Leadership, Coaching and Mentoring where I gathered all-inclusive feedback regarding myself to coat a Best Self-image of my leadership prospective. Such a replicated best self-image activity assisted me in the recognition of my ability to lead as well as mentor my change management team and to get most out of the team. I prefer shaping organizational change to accomplish intended results, with a priority toward coaching picture, stood the utmost efficient image for change management based on my subjective change management philosophy in the course of this duration. Such a viewpoint has remained reinforced over this session, however, I further come to assent that potential for embracing the director image exist to guarantee knowledge of results. I hold a belief that, in doing so, director calls for the balance of coach image to guarantee a lasting benefit for each stakeholder (Cummings and Worley 2014). My Managing Change Philosophy Influences During my entire course of managing change studies, a number of source of influence have buttressed my personal philosophy. I use the subsequent sub-sections to break these sources down: Personal Experience Organization Y takes the center stage when it comes to my personal experiences whereby a firm emphasis is put on the workers development alongside populace leadership. Organization Ys Chief Executive Officer has embraced a coach style of management whereby he is shaping leaders to accomplish preferred results of the organization. My perspective has undoubtedly been shaped as result of working in this organization in the last five years having observed a range of positive outcomes from managing through shaping alongside enhancing capabilities of individuals within the organization via a shared/participative style of leadership and management. Case Study: Organization Y Change Management My personal experience from working at Organization Y led me in documenting the latest massive organizational change for a case study. It has become proof that my perceptions about the significance of leaders in shaping managing change process is fundamentally dictated by my exposure to practices of change management at Organization Y. The change management journey is analyzed in the case study from marketing organization to the sales organization and presented identical circumstances to managing change theory along the way. A novel leader (Victor) with an undoubted strategic capabilities was appointed in the Organization Y internally to deliver the desired organizational outcome designed by the CEO. This was identical Nunes and Breenes (2011 p. 85) finding in their high-performing organizations study that initial inoculation of novel leadership is core to building capabilities essential for growth. Higgs and Rowland (2005 p. 126) similarly backed the leaders role in the process of change management by arguing that it can influence fundamentally on the changes success. They further added that the mindsets and beliefs of leaders have proved to influence orientation choices as well as approaches to problem-solving. This case study further demonstrated a positive influence on the process of managing change where change is adopted by everyone. Instead of evading change, high performing organizations recognize when change is inevitable to keep pace with times. They also tend to rethink their strategies as well as reinvent their models of operation long before incapacitating stalls ensure. The approach assumed by Organization Y for change management encompassed putting emphasis on organization edges alongside market; reshuffling executive team; and retention/maintenance of surplus talent with capacity for growth of novel businesses. I observed, as a worker in the Organization Y, substantial organizational growth within a short duration. The sales staff for instance, grew from 16 to 30 personnel within a single year. This organizational change influenced positively on the culture of Organization Y, its staff as well as level of inspiration or motivation of each staff. Albeit Victor embraced the director image- change manager image of control with change outcomes being accomplishable that never reinforced my personal philosophy, Victor acknowledged that successful inspiration and motivation of the change management team would effectively work in propelling change. This stood identical to idea of Kotter (2011 p. 93) on good leaders: because change remains a function of leadership ability to successfully inspire or motivate team remains imperative to thrive barriers. Reflecting back, were this change not been a strategy for growth and needed restructuring leading to employment loss, it is of extreme possibility that my personal perspective would have been adversely impacted. Organization Ys case thus presented me with an opportunity to view a director image differently. I subsequently acknowledged that director image is never always about people control and that a director lens is able to bring fundamental benefits to the process of managing change via its planned approach and focus (Hayes 2014). Guest Tutor The guest tutor (Mr. Smith) challenged my perspective of change management a great deal. He shared his experiences as the consultant working on MA as change management consultant. From his shared experienced, it remained clear to me that his practices and process were totally deprived of both human dignity and human element. Surely, it was my truth moment when I acknowledged the unforgiving realism of certain huge organizational change aftermaths. I subsequently interrogated whether I was able to be an agent of change heading the organizational change which might culminate in removal of barriers to change. Surprisingly, I am definitely barred by my moral conscious to some degree. A second guest tutor, on the contrary, Mr. Rolf painted a comprehensive humanistic image. Rolf argued that the director image is never an efficient strategy when managing change. Rather, shaping images of management including the Nurturer stood out. Rolf alluded to the philosophy that Semco Group has embrace in which active employment engagement and participation are the driving forces to successful change management. Rolf further referenced the 14 points for management highlighted by Deming to buttress his personal perspective that criticizes the director image. I greatly learned from Rolf as his perspective reflected my personal philosophy of managing change. Rolfs contribution was a reassurance as I heard him validating alternatives to director image approach and that removal of barriers is never always the appealing solution. From this learning experience, I saw a further relevance on the Rylatt (2010) quotation that held that a true leader is when a person exits the room their impacts still stays in the room. MBA Studies I simultaneously undertook change management and leadership; coaching and mentoring. The MBA studies surely had unwavering influence on my philosophy (personal) from standpoint of being a leader who is morally accountable. I was challenged to assume bravery to query the status quo. It was evident from our last session that large-scale layoff were never efficient except the survival of the organization remains at risk many options to redundancies exist. This additionally buttressed my philosophy of change management (Burke 2017). Albeit I recognized that not each change management initiatives leads to lay off, my assumptions of massive organizational change remain that it characteristically encompass MA were layoff seem to be solution of a great deal of CEO and board of directors (BOD). This was further affirmed by several group poster presentations we held in the 12th week of change management classes that reported layoff in massive organizational change case studies. The Reflected Best Self event was another fundamental opportunity that focused on Leadership; Coaching; and Mentoring. It greatly contributed towards my personal perspective pf change management as it assisted me in identifying my leadership capabilities alongside my leadership style. I unraveled that in working with the change management team, I tended to make individuals feel increasingly valued, supported as well as being at ease via my shared and collaborative leadership style (Kuipers, Higgs, Kickert, Tummers, Grandia, and Van der Voet 2014). I always engage full my team in the entire process of decision making as well as putting great significance on the development of my fellow team members both personally and professionally. I remained humbled by the realization that my team members acknowledged that I made the development of the team my top notch preference and that I genuinely cared for each member of my team. Against this backdrop, I have since related these qualities to the management coaching style. Reading and Theories I have read a range of texts and articles on change management as integral part of my study for the case study. This has since backed my personal perspective on the significance of leaders in outcome shaping with respect to massive change initiatives. Scholars like Higgs and Rowland (2005 p. 126) argued that the mindset and beliefs of a leader shall impact their strategies and approaches to change and its effective implementation (Cameron and Green 2015). Theorist including Kotter, Tushman and Nadler have argued that key to successful change management implementation is the central role played by leaders. I have as well drawn motivation and inspiration from such humanistic change management theories outlined in Graetz and Smith (2010 p. 138) that have clearly illustrated a desire amongst the leaders of the organization to query the status quo, surge risk-taking as well as ingenuity; and eliminate restrictions via effective information sharing and collaborative management teamwork (Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths 2014). My Future Approach to Organizational Change Based on the implemented change management in Organization Y, I have since concluded the case study acknowledging that change management is most efficient with image of change management images. As a coach in this case, the CEO derived the best in change agent that embraced a director image approach to managing change to accomplish desire results. The coaching management style has positively impacted others during the course of professional working experience that I intend to uphold (Goetsch and Davis 2014). I recognized that a director image is useful in propelling massive organizational change. If I were in the Chief Executive Offices place, I might recruit somebody with required competencies to accomplish success. Conclusion My change management philosophy emphasizes managing change images bases that acknowledged 2 images of management (shaping against controlling) alongside 3 images of change results (intended, unintended and partially intended). I am a believer in intended change results for propelling change, with personal priority towards shaping tasks utilizing coaching image to guarantee human-dignity respect. I recognize that director image could as well propel success change results, however, it must be balanced with coach image to impact positive change outcomes for lasting gain of the organization and staff (Bolman and Deal 2017). I have not shifted my perspective over the course but various influential learning experience have reinforced my belief in responsible change management practice. I will always uphold shared and collaborative people-oriented management and leadership approach and draw lesson gained from a range of experiences to guarantee successful change for everyone. References Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014. Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017. Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Burke, W.W., 2017. Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015. Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014. Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Graetz, F. and Smith, A.C., 2010. Managing organizational change: A philosophies of change approach. Journal of change management, 10(2), pp.135-154. Hayes, J., 2014. The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Higgs, M. and Rowland, D., 2005. All changes great and small: Exploring approaches to change and its leadership. Journal of change management, 5(2), pp.121-151. Kotter, J. 2001, What Leaders Really Do, Harvard Business Review, December 2001, pp 85-96. Kuipers, B.S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J. and Van der Voet, J., 2014. The management of change in public organizations: A literature review. Public Administration, 92(1), pp.1-20. Rylatt, A. 2010, Week 6 guest lecture, UTS.

Obama the First Black President free essay sample

America with Barack Obama becoming the first black president of the United States. Overnight the African American population got an Image that they always wanted to have. It was the greatest political victory In the history of black America. During the 2008 presidential election Senator Barack Obama received support from many hip hop artists Like Young Jeez, Jay-Z, Drake and Will I am.These artists expressed their support for his election by mentioning Barack Obama ;s name and his political affiliations in their years or Just spread messages over the daily media which is used today like the Internet. The artists used Backbone, Youth, Twitter for telling the fans of their music to vote for Barack Obama. This support created a huge interest in politics amongst the younger generation and strengthened support among hip hop fans for Barack Beams election as President.Many people see Hip Hop as party music; where it should Just move the crowd, the link to gangs and rap, graffiti, breakneck, violence and the extraordinary lifestyle. We will write a custom essay sample on Obama the First Black President or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It Is not all like that It can also be regarded as literally Important; hip-hop has a long history of artists recording songs with explicitly political Intent. This term paper Investigates the link between HIP Hop, politics and Barack Obama as an issue. How Barack Obama got involved Into HIP Hop. The first chapter will give you a short overview about what is Hip Hop and when did it come into existence?The second chapter will outline the roots of political hip-hop. In the last chapter you will get information about how Barack Obama got involved into Hip Hop with the help of media, which artists supported him and spread messages ever Youth, or mentioned his name in their lyrics to make the population of America vote for him during the 2008 election. Examining the song texts you will get an overview about which artist was supportive and which one less. 2. What Is HIP Hop? These words we say, we want yea II to hearWere goanna make a lot of sense- were goanna make It clear These phrases tell the people what Hip Hop is about. In Hip Hop is every word important the artists express themselves by speaking. According to wrath s the Joint: The Hip Hop Reader is rap mostly spoken with a rhythm of bass, drums, and some keyboard sounds. The Hip Hop history started in the early sasss where some of the elements that make up rap music were included in Blues and Jazz. Hip Hop and Rap music became its own music genre in the sasss created by African- Americans and Latino- Americans.It started in the South Bronx of New York where the artists created a beautiful, prideful expression of music, art and dance from a background of poverty. DC s began with scratching records and made rhythms, beats and other sounds. Rap music Is a form of rhymed storytelling accompanied by highly rhythmic, electronically based music. Rappers would speak with the voice of personal experience, From the outset rap music has articulated the pleasures and problems of black urban life In America.In 1982 Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five released the single The Message and Fathers of Hip Hop, Run DMS a group of three men pioneered rap music in the 1980 s. They were the first rappers who got a gold album, a platinum album, a multi- platinum album, a music video on MAT and they were the first rappers seen on TV and who were in several magazines. Since then Hip Hop inspired lots of people all over the world. It is discussed as an art form which includes not Just rap but also: the DC, the emcee, graffiti writing, and break dancing. 3.Political Hip Hop Political Hip Hop can be used as an educational tool and make people think about what is going on in the world. The lyrics often have a political impact which is based on the issues of political economy. But they can also be seen as real-life reflections and draw attention to problems in their country. Political Lyrics can have a lot of political functions. They can stand for public social critique and political discourse. They invite the population to political participation for example: see the political issues and causes or simply go and vote.By promoting particular courses of action they can lead to better social conditions. According to Benefited (2009) is Hip- Hop music political on all different kinds of levels. Politics play an important role in Hip- Hop. Already in 1988 a front man of the rap group Public Enemy said that Hip Hop is the Black CNN. Travis L. Goes(2) says that Hip Hop music was more political in the sasss and sasss and had more political meaningfulness up to the mid sasss. After that gangster rap became more and more popular in the African- American society. Political rap got replaced by pornographic music videos, extreme materialism, individualism, and anti- intellectualism.. . . (3) The shift from Public Enemys Fight The Power (1988) to Snoop Dogs Gin and Juice,(3) was in the mid sasss simply rhyming which was mostly about urban social conditions, being a gangster and violence. In 2008 a lot of hip hop artists stood up for Senator Barack Obama during his campaign which is widely viewed as one of the most successful presidential campaign in U. S. History.They supported him during the election through media, song lyrics and short videos and showed that politics are important. They wanted to move the American population to vote for the first black President. The next pages will give you an overview about Obama becoming the first Hip Hop President. 4. Obama the first Hip Hop President Hip Hop music and the culture got more and more popular outside the Hip Hop community. The artists have been writing songs for a larger audience. The songs are being played in the clubs all over the world even not native speaker of English can understand what it is about.When Hip Hop artists used Obama in their lyrics during the 2008 presidential election the whole world could listen to their music about him on the radio in the clubs or through media, like the internet. In a Youth Interview (4) Barack Obama was asked about his opinion on Hip Hop and rap in 2008. He admitted that he likes Hip Hop especially Jay Z and Kenya West and he likes the art about it but he is concerned about some lyrics where the artists Just rap about material stuff like money, cars and houses.Also they often use the word Niger ND can give a lot to younger people. It is not Just a mirror it should be a reflection, (4) (Obama interview) reflection of life, a message that is spread through music to the younger generation. Barack Obama said that he does not think that the young generation gets their information through the New York Times. It is easier to listen to music which you like and get your information out of it. A lot of artists supported Barack Obama during his election in 2008 also Jay Z, Kenya West, Ill Wayne and Will I am. Will I am made for example a video which you can see on Youth with several artists and celebrities singing the famous mimes We Can slogan and also included elements of Barack Obama s speech. The others made so called mistakes where they made a remix of their songs with Obama and his political afflictions. The most remixed words were change and hope. According to Travis L. Goes they should energize unlikely black voters(5) and identify Obama as meaningfully black by making him an honorary member of the Hip Hop community.The election of Barack Obama as the first black president is an important symbol for the African- American society of America after the Civil rights movement. Some of the Hip Hop artists compare him even to Martin Luther King Jar. And Malcolm X. A vote for Obama is a vote for the important features hope, change and believing The society was however divided. According to Forman, Murray (2010) there were some public concerns about Senator Obama s age and relative inexperience, his lack of political pedigree, and crucially, concerns about his identity as a black man. (6) On the other site these factors were welcomed for the young voters because it was something new. Something they never had before in compare to the standard Laotians. He represents himself with an elegance, intellectual acumen and great rhetorical skills. As an American of mixed race, with black and white ancestry and a foreign and domestic heritage, Obama presents a different face of American politics and a new model of 21st (Forman, Murray 2010) Many people believed that the point of Barack Obama becoming the first black president would even reduce racism because people would have to accept a black president. This is also one reason why Hip Hop artist wanted to help to elect the first black president. They felt honored to rite lyrics about him as the new black hero of the future they wanted to make Beams presidency important. 5. Hip Hops support for Obama This chapter will give you the analysis of the song text by Jay Z My President is black and Ill Wayne s song Barack Obama A Mill (remix) how these two artists supported Barack Obama during his election in 2008. In their lyrics.Jay Gs song starts with the phrase My president is black my Maybe too First of all he is comparing Barack Obama to his car Maybe which is also black. This is even half true because Barack Obama is half black and half white. His father is Kenya and his mother is a white Kansas. Secondly he shows in the first line his materialism which is typical for the new hip hop of the millennium having big cars and spending a lot of money. Obama is a person which is not comparable with a thing in this case a car.In the following lines Jay Z raps about Barack Obama who is black but lives in a white lived in the White House of America. My President Is Black but his house is all white Rosa parks sat so martin Luther could walk martin Luther walked so Barack Obama could run Barack Obama ran so all the children could fly Furthermore he is comparing Obama to Martin Luther King Jar. And Rosa Parks. They were both civil rights activists. Rosa Parks was the first lady of the civil rights movement who did not give up her seat in the Montgomery bus boycott to a white passenger.It was the first resistance against racism and a symbol which was important for the African-American population. Also Martin Luther King Jar. Is a hero for that society. So Barack Obama is the new hero the symbol for African-Americans which should raise them to the next stage. He is like them and thats why they associate him with the words hope and change The last phrase of the citation is about children where Jay Z wants to show that Barack Obama inspired a lot of children to go for better and higher things like education for example.Probably he raps about black children who got inspired by the president since the four phrases are about black people. All in all Jay Z is pointing out that there must be a change you can keep yea puss I dont want no more bush no more war no more Iraq no more white lies the president is black. People got tired about lies of George W. Bush and the Iraq war. Barack Obama should be the new President. Conclusion While Obama is an African-American man, he is not the Lampooning-driving, handgun-toting, sandbagging boy from the hood that these lyrics frequently illustrate.The image he had created for himself as a trustworthy, intelligent man, who would bring political and social change to the United States becomes challenged by hip-hops association with ideals that voters may find unclear and unappealing. This study has found that the words used to describe Obama in hip-hop lyrics are positive sounding and reflect his abilities as a leader and a powerful man. However, the lyrics in which these words are found become problematic as they associate Barack Obama with a culture and lifestyle where he simply does not belong as someone who is campaigning for the United States Presidency.While these songs are written in strong support of Obama as a President, the lyrics do not reflect the general way of life and opinions of the potential voters, and thus the relationship between hip-hop and Obama may be problematic for individuals who support Obama as the next President. The study further established that the number of mimes Obama is mentioned in these song lyrics has little or no effect on the overall message that the artist is attempting to communicate.The most popular words that are found in these songs are also problematic, as the lyrics contained extensive use of provocative and insensitive language. Furthermore, the songs that were analyzed make extensive referrals to stereotypical and clickd images of African-American culture. While this is very common in hip-hop music, it should not be common in songs written about Obama, as it connects his identity as a black man too problematic culture and lifestyle.

Literary Analysis of all Quiet on the Western Front essays

Literary Analysis of all Quiet on the Western Front essays War causes many losses, including countless human lives, property, money, and innocence. The loss of innocence unravels the very core of existence. Prior to World War I, Paul Baumers character enjoyed his youthful exuberance, yet as the war progresses, his naivete vanishes and he becomes hardened by the violent environment. The reality of the war exacerbates Pauls soul as he changes from boy to man. In Erich Maria Remarques novel All Quiet on the Western Front, Paul metamorphoses through symbolism, irony, and imagery resulting in a loss of innocence. Pauls inner change, expressed by imagery, begins to appear in his physical features. Remarque illustrates this when he writes, Our faces are neither paler nor more flushed than usual; they are not more tense no more flabby yet they are changed. This look into Pauls thoughts presents a clear picture of the outer changes conflicting with inner turmoil. Even though violence destroys coherent thinking, the soldiers remain unchanged in appearance. Pauls description of several graphic scenes also portrays the lack of emotion that often occurs in war. Pauls change occurs instantly when he experiences the difference between the comforts of home and the horrors of war. The period of leave which Paul takes, almost unwillingly, finalizes his knowledge that the war drastically changed his life. His encounter with the books in his room symbolizes the transformation from an innocent, curious boy to a determined yet hardened soldier. This symbol brings about the turning point of the novel as Paul states, Speak to me take me up take me, Life of my Youth you who are care-free, beautiful receive me again , realizing the impossibility of a return to his former life. Paul knows now, thanks to this symbol, that though his former life meant nothing, his future life also lacks significance. ...

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Annotated Bibliography Example Based on the findings, the participants discovered that teaching a foreign language was done best through communicating in the target language as much as possible (Raymond, 2000). The materials used should be designed for native speakers and involve meaningful contexts for the language use. Practice should be based on open ended as well as structured activities for better impact (Raymond, 2000). In conclusion the research is helpful to those involved and reveals a number of aspects that have assisted the participants to improve the methods that they utilize in their teachings. The research participants could have been more than the six that were used to come up with more clear results however, but the overall results were substantial enough to be utilized by other researchers in the future. Raymond, H. C (2000). Learning to teach foreign languages: A case study of six pre-service teachers in a teacher education program. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio The main aim of this research is to determine the effects of language learning software in a workplace environment and whether individuals are capable of sufficiently teaching themselves a new language without having other responsibilities adversely affected (Nelson, 2011). The research method was based on practical activities that required the participants’ involvement in self teaching exercise using the software after which they were tested by the researchers to determine the progress they were able make (Nelson, 2011). The results found that very few of the participants were able to complete the program and effectively use the software to completion. It was discovered that the participants had very little time to access their accounts (Nelson, 2011). This shows that learning a new language by ones self is extremely difficult and one will still need guidance and support if they are to be successful

The Invention of the television in the US Research Paper

The Invention of the television in the US - Research Paper Example As it was invented television used combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture and display images but as the technology advanced, then more developments took place. The history of television date back in 1884 where Paul Gottlieb a German university student aged 23 came up with an electromechanical television system that employed a scanning disk. As the time went by, more improvement of television was being done for example in 1927 a Russian inventor by the name Leon Theremin developed a mirror drum based television and on the same year Philo Farnsworth came up with the first working television system that had to scan the images and on the same time display the device (Tedham, 1937). This was first displayed in the press in 1928 and thus paved way to broadcasting. The first working television made Germany and United States governments to sign an agreement to exchange their television patents and technology so that the speed of development could be achieve d in many countries thus having transmitters and stations in their respective countries. In 1936, the first BBC started to transmit the first public services that amazed many people in all corners of the world. In 1939, United States started came up with more television technologies despite signing of agreements with the Germany government though the Second World War prevented the development to take place on large scale. This meant that United States had to wait until the end of the Second World War. In 1948, the use of television was in large scale in United States and thus coming up with a true regular commercial television that used programming and thus immergence of legendary people who could broadcast and model among other things (Alan, 1940). This made the ownership of television to increase year by year for example United States had a 96.7% ownership in 1995 and majority of people having more than one

Psychology Learning Essay Example for Free

Psychology Learning Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following account should probably come under the heading â€Å"Strange but True.† It describes a psychologist’s use of self-administered punishment to change a socially unacceptable behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A person once knew a psychologist who, for reasons which will be discovered shortly, shall remain anonymous. For the sake of the study, this person is named Richard. Richard had a bad habit. He chewed his nails. Well, that’s not actually correct; he chewed his nails off and then spit them out, usually while he was lecturing. Once in a great while, this practice was called to his attention, and it always embarrassed him. He said that he wasn’t aware that he was doing it. It had become such an ingrained habit that he could chew off all ten nails, spit in all directions, and still be totally unconscious of what he was doing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard was a respected learning theorist, and he decided that if anyone could devise a behavior-modification technique to eliminate his habit, he would. The next day he arrived, all smiles, and said he had a request: If any of those around see him biting his nails, this should be brought to his attention. It wasn’t long that before someone said, â€Å"Uh, Richard, you’re doing it.† He stopped and looked at his nails and said, â€Å"So I am.† Then as everyone was watched, pulled up his shirtsleeve, grabbed hold of a heavy-duty rubber band that had wrapped around his wrist, stretched it out a distance of about ten inches, and let is go. There was a vicious snap. He yelled, cursed, and shook his hand. Everyone looked on amazement. Surely learning theorist were all a little insane. â€Å"Punishment,† he said. â€Å"Punishment is the answer!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What happened to the people around Richard was interesting. Some took relish in pointing out that he was biting his snails, just to see him snap the huge rubber band around his wrist; others preferred to ignore his habit, because they couldn’t stand to see him in that much pain. Happily, after two days, Richard’s habit had been broken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One person asked him how he thought his program worked. He said, â€Å"Well, if I unconsciously unlearn it. Whenever I was chewing my nails, I administered this punishment. Pretty soon my brain learned that nail chewing resulted in something very unpleasant.† He said that the last time he reached his hand up to his mouth (quite unconsciously), he got a terrible sinking feeling that something awful was about to happen. â€Å"It made me aware.† he said. â€Å"I looked at my hand and saw it was approaching my mouth. Somewhere deep in my brain the little gray cells were screaming, â€Å"Don’t do it!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was reported that some days later Richard was wearing rubber bands around his ankles, but nobody wanted want to ask why (Dworetzky, 1994). Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning pervades people’s lives. It is involved not only in mastering a new skill or academic subject but also in emotional development, social interaction, and even personality development. People learn what they fear, what to love, how to be polite, hoe to be intimate, and so on. Given the pervasiveness of learning in lives of people, it is not surprising that there have been instances of it – how, for example, children to perceive the world around them, to identify with their own sex, and to control their behavior according to adult standards (Atkinson, 1993). However, there is a more systematic analysis of learning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning may be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from practice; behavior change that are due to maturation (rather than practice)or temporary conditions of the organism (such as fatigue or drug-induced states) are not included. All cases of learning are not the same though.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychology is the study of behavior. Psychologists study learning because among most animals, especially humans, the vast majority of behavior is learned. Learning may also be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience (Dworetzky, 1988).   Experts, however, tell that when somebody says â€Å"relatively permanent change,† this excludes the effects of such factors as fatigue. Fatigue, which occurs because of experience, may change behavior, but only temporary, whereas learning implies a more lasting change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning is defined by Craig et al., as a process through which one’s capacity or disposition is changed as a result of experience. Whitaker (1972) defines it also as the process by which behavior originates or is altered through experience, while Wittig (in Bernstein et al., 1991) and Hilgard (1975) view it as behavior that occurs as a result of experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apparently while learning can be defined as a process and as a product, more definitions stress learning more as a process. This idea suggests that it is not the product but the process that is important since the products of learning both what one is capable of and what one is predisposed to. Changes resulting from development and experience are emphasized; changes resulting from maturation such as growing older, innate tendencies like reflexes and conditions caused by fatigue, drugs, and diseases are strictly not considered as learned behavior. Adaptive value of Learning (Classical Conditioning) ~Overeating: Taste-Aversion Learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taste-aversion learning involves associating particular sensory cues (smells, tastes, sounds or sights), with an unpleasant response, such as nausea or vomiting. Taste-aversion learning can also occur from overindulgence. For example, children report taste aversions to food after overeating and becoming sick. Similarly, the majority of college students’ report taste versions after drinking too much alcohol and getting sick. In these examples, taste aversions to food or drink developed after a single trial and lasted an average of four to five years (Logue et al., 1981). ~Conditioned Emotional Response: Why a certain Christmas song elicits pleasant childhood memories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the conditioned emotional response, one feels some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear, or anxiety, when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a painful or pleasant event.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For example, many couples have a special song that becomes emotionally associated with their relationship. When one in the absence of the other hears this song, it can elicit strong emotional and romantic feelings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In other cases, conditioned emotional responses may develop into irrational fears that are called phobias.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense and irrational fear that is out of all proportion to the danger elicited by the object or situation. In comparison, a fear is a realistic response to a threatening situation (Bernstein, 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   About 73 percent of people with phobias were able to trace the start of their phobias to fearful, painful, or traumatic situations that involved classical conditioning (Atkinson et al., 1993 in Kleinknecht, 1994 and Kuch et al., 1994). For example, about 5 victims involved in moving car accidents had developed fears of sitting or riding in cars, and another third developed the corresponding phobias (Kuch et al., 1994). Just as classical conditioning can result in fears and phobias, however, it can also be used to reduce them. ~Prejudice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the mid-1940s, psychologist Kenneth Clark held a black doll and a white doll in his hands and asked the following questions of young white children living in the South:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Which doll looks like you?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Now tell me which doll is the good doll?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Which doll is the bad doll?† These children knew that the white doll looked like them. most children also indicated that the white doll was the â€Å"good doll† and the black doll was â€Å"dirty† or â€Å"ugly† ( Clark and Clark, 1947). How had these southern white children learned to make such association? During the decades of racial prejudices that had come before, darer skins had become associated with poverty and with being â€Å"inferior,† not just in the South, but generally throughout the United States. The white children had learned to attribute these characteristics to black people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The racist attitude is what the white children had been taught; it is also what the black children had been taught. The black had been raised in the same general environment, the same country. They, too, had seen that the whites had better and they had worse. And, as the Clarks discovered in further research, a majority of black children also chose the white doll as the good one and the black doll as the bad one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A conditioning experiment conducted by researcher Staats (1958 in Atkinson et al., 1993) helped to show how association process could be responsible for the prejudice, Dr. Clark observed. In their experiment, college students were asked to look at one word while pronouncing another. Without being aware of the purpose of the experiment, the students were manoeuvred into pairing pleasant words or unpleasant words with a particular name (Tom or Bill) or a certain nationality (Swedish or Dutch). In short, subjects revealed obvious differences in attitudes towards these names and nationalities, simply because those words had been paired with positive or negative words. Advertisers, politicians, movie makers, and just about everyone else try to use this kind of conditioning to affect people’s emotions. Then a politician associates himself with a positive symbol such as the flag, or when a movie maker uses dramatic music, or when someone dresses well for a job interview, each is invoking the same process: Each is attempting to render something – the politician, the movie maker, or the job seeker – more appealing through association with positive stimuli.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What appears to be occurring in the instances of association, like those just described, is a kind of higher order conditioning (Dworetzky, 1998). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In classical conditioning, the conditioned response often resembles the normal response to the unconditioned stimulus: salivation, for example,   is a dog’s normal response to food. But when you want to teach an organism something novel – such as teaching a dog new trick – you cannot use classical conditioning. What unconditioned stimulus would make a dog sit up or roll over? To train the dog, you must first persuade it to do the trick (Bernstein et al., 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of the real-life behavior is like this: responses are learned because they operate on, or effect the environment. Referred to as an operant conditioning, this kind of learning occurs in human individuals, as well as in animals. Alone in a crib, a baby may kick and twist and coo spontaneously. When left by itself, a dog may pad back and forth, sniff, or perhaps pick up a ball, drop it, and play with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neither organism is responding to the onset or offset of a specific external stimulus. Rather, they are operating on their environment. Once the organism performs a certain behavior, however, the likelihood that the action will be repeated depends on its consequences. The baby will coo more often if each such occurrence is followed by parental attention, and the dog will pick up the ball more often if petting or a food reward follows this action. If we think of the baby as having a gaol of parental attention, and the dog as having the goal of food, then operant conditioning amounts to learning that a particular behavior leads to attaining a particular goal (Rescorla, 1987). Reference: Atkinson, R.L., R.C. Atkinson, E.E. Smith, D.J. Bem, and S.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Nolen-Hoeksema, 1993. Introduction to Psychology, 13th ed.    New York: Harcourt College Publishers. Bernstein, D.A., E.J. Roy, T.K. Srull, and C.D. Wickens, 1991.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychology. New Jersey: Houghton Mifflin Company. Bootzin, R.R. 1991. Psychology.   New York: Gilford Press. Clark, L., A.D. Watson, and S. Reynolds, 1995. Diagnosis and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   classification of psychopathology: Challenges to the current system and future directions. Annual review of   Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychology 46: 121-53. Dworetzky, J.P. 1988. Psychology.3rd Ed. Mew York: West   Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishing Company. Logue, A.W., I.Ophir, and K.E. Strauss. 1981. The Acquisition    of taste aversions in humans. Behavior Research and Therapy,19:3:19-35. Morgan, Clifford T. 1977. A Brief Introduction to Psychology.    2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Rescorla, R.A. 1987. A Pavlovian analysis of goal-directed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   behavior. American Psychologist 42:119-129, 265.

Revenue Determination: Pricing and Contracting Essays -- Business Reve

Over the last twenty years health care prices for the general public, because of this continuous rise in prices hospitals and health care facilities have given much attention to improving their communication of prices to the public. Most people of the general public are unaware that hospital costs and hospital prices are two different things. Hospital cost is the dollar amount the hospital pays in order to provide patient care. Hospital price is the dollar amount designated to the specific procedures performed in order to provide said â€Å"patient care†. This dollar amount is what the hospital bills the insurance company and/or the patient for their care (Cleverly & Cameron 2007). It is important for health care facilities and hospitals alike to provide a sense of reasonableness within their bills so that their patrons do not get the feeling that they are being â€Å"ripped off†. Many people feel that the reason their health care bills are so high is because hospital s feel they can charge whatever they want for a product people have to have. In general, sick people will not turn down a life saving treatment because it is too expensive, because the health care industry is aware of this, they charge whatever price they can get away with, like charging the patient’s insurance three times the base price (Cleverly & Cameron 2007). What the general public always seems to overlook is the fact that even hospitals need to turn a profit in order to keep their doors open and keep providing genuinely good health care to their patients. There are three generic factors that influence the way any firm, including health care facilities influence their pricing. These three factors are, the desired net income of the firm, the firm’s competitive positio... ...They are held to â€Å"reasonableness of charges† and it is important that the public knows the facts before speaking out against their local hospital. Health care costs money, therefore like any business hospitals must charge for their services, plain and simple. Works Cited Devers, K, Casalino, L, Rudell, L, Stoddard, J, Brewster, L, & Lake, T. (2003). Hospitals negotiating leverage with health plans: how and why has it changed? Health Services Research, 38(1), 419-446. Cleverley, W. O., & Cameron, A. E. (2007) Essentials of health care finance. Mississauga, Canada: Jones & Bartlett Long, R. (2002). Long: financial turnaround focuses on revenue cycle, managed care contracts - executive insights - ronald r. long, outgoing chairman of healthcare financial management association national board of directors - interview. Healthcare Financial Management

Courage in the Civil War (Referencing for Cause and Comrades by James M. Mcpherson

Kathie Kaidan 4/14/10 HST 202 Paper #2 There is much controversy and uncertainty about the reasons of why the Civil War started, and why it went on for so long. The Civil War is unusual not only in American History, but in world history as well because of the intensity and carnage of it. Men were taking up arms against their neighbors, fathers, sons, brothers, and friends to meet on the field of battle with only one mission: to kill one another. James McPherson wondered this, so he researched over 25,000 uncensored letters to friends and family, and almost 250 private diaries from soldiers fighting for the Confederacy and soldiers fighting for the Union. He then took what he learned and wrote the book For Cause and Comrades, and found certain ideals that, he believes, are key reasons as to why these men fought each other over this conflict. McPherson argues that the initial impulse of the soldiers to fight the war was the simple â€Å"military rage† that follows after the declaration of any war. In most cases â€Å"military rage† is short lived, and mostly just talk, and then people back down when asked to rise up and fight. But in the Civil War, men were tearing down doors in order to enlist, and they continued to do so after the initial excitement had died down. McPherson also follows French Revolution Historian John Lynn in dividing soldiers motivation to fight into three sections throughout the war. â€Å"I have borrowed part of my conceptual framework from John A. Lynn, an historian of the armies of the French Revolution. Lynn posited three categories: initial motivation; sustaining motivation; and combat motivation. The first consists of the reasons why men enlisted; the second concerns the factors that kept them in the army and kept the army in existence over time; and the third focuses on what nerved them to face extreme danger in battle. These categories are separate but interrelated† (McPherson, 12). One important aspect was that men fought because of the desire to have this sense of manliness and doing things to prove it. Two versions of manhood competed in the Victorian era: the hard-drinking, gambling, whoring two-fisted man among men, and the sober, responsible, dutiful son or husband. Some soldiers found that the army transformed them from one kind of man to the other, better kind† (McPherson, 26). Courage played a huge role in determining one’s level of manliness. The more courage you showed, the manlier you were. And with every man trying to prove himself better than the others, it played a key role in why Civil War soldiers continued to fight for as long as they did. The war started out with the soldiers having a sense of false courage. Most of them hadn’t seen battle yet, and they were often unsure if they war would end before they had the chance to make their mark. But this behavior of being â€Å"pumped up† and excited for battle was just pre-battle adrenalin. They were not truly being courageous until after they had experienced the horror of the bloodshed, and decided to continue to endure it all over again. When it had been experienced, the emotional impact of it was overwhelming. Many wrote in their letters to loved ones saying â€Å"I hope I will never be in another†¦no man can tell me anything about war I have got a plenty† (McPherson, 33), and â€Å"I am satisfied with fighting. I wish the War was over†(McPherson, 33). McPherson compared these feelings to those men who fought in World War II, mostly the 101st Airborne Division who took part in the D-Day Invasion. â€Å"Before their drop behind German lines on D-Day, men in the elite 101st Airborne Division were ‘gung-ho’. When the survivors returned to England to prepare for their next mission, ‘the boys aren’t as enthusiastic or anxious to get it over with as they were before Normandy. Nobody wants to fight anymore. ’†(McPherson, 35) This is when the courage began to show. Even after seeing the â€Å"elephant†, a metaphor used by McPherson in place of battle, the men remained determined to fight. They came to realize that courage meant to stand up against and conquer their fear, not just feeling fear itself. It was at its worse before the battle had even begun. Once it began only their courage and adrenaline could keep them going. They also began of noticing ways to relieve their tension. One way was yelling at the top of their lungs, and this it to be thought as the origin of the famous Rebel Yell. The men didn’t understand the changing in their body chemistry, so they were dumbfounded when they could overcome illness, disabilities, and sometimes-even wounds in order to fight. After the battle had ended, most men were overcome with exhaustion. When they finally could rest, thoughts and nightmares of the battle would fill their heads. They experienced breakdowns, little sleep, appetite loss, and hot flashes quickly followed by the chills. But, nonetheless, they pursued on. The last thing they wanted was to give up or be taken over by their dreams. To them, retreating or going home was a loss of courage. â€Å"Civil War soldiers had never heard of the terms ‘shell shock’ or ‘battle fatigue’ or ‘combat stress reaction’ or ‘psychiatric casualties’. But many of them experienced the symptoms these terms attempt to describe. A word that was familiar to them, however, was ‘courage’. And they understood that combat stress reaction was a loss of courage, a loss of the will to go on fighting†(McPherson, 163). It soon was known that courage wasn’t only shown and proven on the field of battle, but to have the determination and desire to endure all else that comes along with warfare: scarcity of food, changes in weather, not having proper shelter, little sleep, having to march for hours every day, and not knowing if you were going to see your friends and family ever again. These were the things that took up most of the soldiers’ lives; fighting in battle was only a small percentage. McPherson quoted a major in the 11th Georgia on his definition of what courage was in 1863; â€Å"†¦not as merely bravery in battle, but also the nerve to endure rain, and snow, and sleet, and the privations of Winter, and the scorching sun of Summer†¦to undergo extreme fatigue, to subdue the pains of hunger†¦ to do battle with sickness and despondency and gloom as with the Country’s enemies. And above all to hold one’s self patiently and cheerfully ready to meet the shocks of battle† (McPherson, 163-164). Although many other factors were involved as to why the men stuck it out, I believe courage is the root to them all. It takes courage to defend your family and land, which is what made your honorable. It takes courage to believe in God, and know that he is watching over you, and guiding you. It takes courage to stand up for your country and fight for what you believe in. It’s amazing how these men continued to fight, and continued to be courageous when they had so many things going against them. It’s better understood as to why they volunteered in the first place, but it is amazing how so many stayed until they died or the war was declared over. Courage is a strong factor for anyone, but the way it is displayed through these men is miraculous.

Should Gun Control Reduce Violence - 1774 Words

Do-Hyun Weaver Professor Mike Beasley English 201 Final Essay 08/14/14 Would gun control reduce Violence? Perhaps gun control is one of the most controversial topics in America, appealing to the emotions of those who support, as well as those who oppose the regulation of firearms. Although people take various stance on the issue, supporting some aspects for control and rejecting others, the more rigid individuals tend to split into pro gun and anti gun control. The pro gun group express themselves as the supporters of constitutional right to bear arms according to the Second Amendment. Advocates of gun control distinguish themselves as struggling for a more civilized society against gun nuts and profit driven firearms manufacturers. The issue of gun control is a political question that each side has tremendous interest in the outcome. Hence, positions tend to solidify and supporters of one position tend to deny any merit in the place taken by others, each side detracts those who they disagree with. Researchers who are meticulous in presenting research results can become ardent in their a rgumentation as the most supporters of a enthusiastic political position. Nevertheless, data indicate that numerous nations that have more stringent gun controls does not necessarily show the correlations with lower rate of violent crimes, leading to the conclusion that the United States current gun regulation requires comprehensive revisions. Until then, Gun regulation of the UnitedShow MoreRelatedA Stop Action : Reduce Mass Violence1309 Words   |  6 PagesA Call to Action: Reduce mass violence While researching texts written about the gun control and how to reduce mass violence, I found a few authors who published books about the gun control in America. 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